Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System Explain the different structures and functions of the two main types of cells in the nervous system. Neurons are the nerve cells; they contain a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. The cell body is the part that contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon is a piece that extends from the cell body; its job is to send impulses away from the cell body. Most are covered with myelin sheath. This sheath helps protect the axon and speeds the impulse. The dendrites branch off from the cell body also, their job is to send impulses to the cell body. Neuralgia is a connective tissue that supports the neurons. Their job is to protect the nervous system. Astrocytes look like star-shaped cells; they are the biggest of the neuroglial cells in the central nervous system. Astrocytes surround the brains blood capillaries to form blood-brain barriers which protect the brain from harmful substances. Microglia are smaller cells that eat cellular debris, waste, and pathogens in nerve tissue. Oligodendrocytes are in the interstitial nervous system, smaller than astrocytes. They wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths. As stated above, the sheaths protect the axons and speed the nerve impulses. Describe the structures and functions of the  peripheral nervous system (PNS). Be sure to include the nerves associated with the PNS, and contrast the functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves, which transmit impulses from the brain to other parts of the body; and ganglion, which are masses of nerve cell bodies that connect structures. There are two main groups of nerves: the afferent nerves and the efferent nerves. The afferent nerves send information from the body to the brain. The efferent nerves send information from the brain to the muscles. The system is then broken into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system regulates the voluntary controlled parts of the skeletal muscles, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary controlled parts like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the glands, and secretions. The autonomic nervous system is also broken into two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division responds when the body is in danger, increases heart rate, blood pressure, etc. The parasympathetic division is when the body is relaxed and resting. It is responsible for things like constriction of pupil, slowing of heart, and digestive systems. Name the two primary components of the  central nervous system (CNS).   Describe the protective membranes associated with the CNS. Differentiate between afferent and efferent nerve structure and function. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is, obviously, protected by the vertebrae. They are also surrounded by meninges and by cerebrospinal fluid. The meninges are three protective layers of tissue. The outermost layer is the dura mater, the middle is the arachnoid membrane, and then the pia mater is the innermost layer. The cerebrospinal fluid flows all around the brain and spinal cord. It provides nutrients to the central nervous system. The spinal cord consists of afferent and efferent nerves. The afferent nerves send information from the body to the brain. The efferent nerves send information from the brain to the muscles. Name and give a brief description of the structures of the brain. Include the functions of these structures. The four major divisions of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is the whole top portion of the brain; it controls the memory, sensations, and voluntary movements. The cerebellum is attached to the brain stem and its main function is to coordinate body movements and balance. The diencephalon is in between the cerebrum and the midbrain. It consists of the thalamus, which is in charge of the sensory stimuli; the hypothalamus, which is in charge of sensory functions (i.e.: sleep, appetite, etc.); and the pineal body, which is in charge of regulating the bodys biological clock. The brain stem is between the spinal cord and the diencephalon and consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the upper part of the midbrain. The brain stem is the path for impulses between the brain and the body. Choose 10 pathological conditions affecting the nervous system; describe each including diagnosis and treatment, if applicable. Alzheimers disease is a progressively fatal disease. It destroys brain cells and causes memory loss. Gradually over time the person will no longer be able to write or perform tasks, and then it gets to the point that the person cannot even control bodily functions such as bowel and bladder movements. There is not really a diagnostic test yet that has identified Alzheimers. There is no cure for AD, but the use of tacrine hydrochloride is used in mild cases to improve memory. Bells palsy is generally a temporary paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face following trauma. Diagnosis is simply the inability to close eye or drooling because of no control of facial muscle on one side of the face after a trauma has occurred. There is really no treatment needed, however, facial massage, heat, prednisone for swelling, or analgesia for pain all help. Anencephaly is when there is no brain or spinal cord at birth. The only diagnosis is through an amniocentesis during pregnancy, and there is nothing they can do. Carpal tunnel syndrome is pressure on the median nerve caused by swelling of the tendons. Doctors diagnose carpal tunnel based on the symptoms of tingling in the fingers or palms of hands, pain in the wrists, or weakness in hands. Treatment uses splints, anti-inflammatory drugs, and sometimes surgery. Cerebral contusion occurs when the brain hits the inner skull and causes a bruise of the brain, happens most often in car accidents. If doctors suspect a cerebral contusion they can have an MRI or CT scan run. Treatment consists of close observation, if there is a lot of intracranial pressure then surgery may be needed. Huntingtons chorea is an inherited, degenerative disorder. The characteristics are spontaneous involuntary motor movements, speech problems, and restlessness. Since the disease is inherited, genetic testing could be done to diagnose the disease even before it begins. There is unfortunately no cure for this disease. There are many support groups for families affected by the disease. Narcolepsy is a sleeping disorder where the person can fall asleep randomly for minutes or even hours at a time. A polysomnogram can be performed to evaluate the persons sleep patterns. There is no cure, but medications are used to control the symptoms. Shingles (herpes zoster) is a viral infection that causes a rash on the body; occurs mostly in adults over 50. Flu-like symptoms, GI disturbances, tiredness, and rash are all symptoms that help to diagnose the disease. Treatments are used to help ease pain and get you better faster (analgesics or antiviral medications). Paraplegia is caused when there is severe injury to the spinal cord, results in paralysis of the lower half of the body. There is no treatment for paraplegia. However I did see online that there are many support groups for anyone who knows or falls victim to paraplegia. Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. MS destructs the myelin surrounding nerves of the CNS. There are many symptoms that indicate someone could have MS: Unsteady balance, numbness of multiple extremities, facial numbness, and even impotence in males. When a doctor suspects MS an MRI may be performed, complete blood count, and spinal fluid evaluation. As with many of the diseases of the nervous system, there is no cure for MS. There are some medications that have helped prolong remissions, and as always there are support systems to help the family and persons affected by the disease.

My values

It has been reiterated from our class discussions that values are the things that really matter to us. (Lopper, 2006) And, as we further discussed this subject, we have discovered that it really has a big influence on our wants and needs. Our values guide us to make decision and even how to run our everyday lives. In assessing our wants and needs, we are unconsciously contributing betterment or demise to the world. So, it is important to channel in to our inner selves to know what really want and need so that in the end, we will find the things that we most cherish and cultivate it to add some goodness in the world. Our values can either be our belief, our principles and sometimes, even our family. Even voicing out your opinion is considered a value. Now, as I sit and write the values that I treasure most, I found out that aside from my family, I also deeply care about the environment and love. As clichà © as it may sound, we should take care of our environment because after all, we are all going to benefit from it and our future children as well. With the onset of technology and our desire to acquire what is the latest, it is heartbreaking to know that a lot of trees, tribes, etc. must be sacrificed just to have out wants. But, to compensate for our advancing technology, it is also glad to know that we are now beginning to take into considerations the environment—this can be best epitomized by the commercialization of the hybrid cars and the abundance of solar-generating houses in some parts of the world. Still, there are â€Å"quite† parts of the world wherein we continue to manipulate their resources so that we can have our personal satisfaction and gains. Now, from what I have learned from our discussions, all I can say is that, we should all make an effort, no matter how small it is, to make this world a little cleaner. For my part, I have started doing so through my small ways like throwing my trash in the trashcan (or if ever there is no trashcan, I make sure that I keep it in my pocket and dispose it in our house) and religiously segregating the biodegradables from the non-biodegradables. Also, I started to make a compost pit at our house so that I can grow organic vegetables in the future. Lastly, I tell smokers to quit the habit because it only adds up to air pollution. As for the other value that I treasure most, it is so overrated but if we analyze it thoroughly, it is surprising to know that we can only achieve the things that we want in this world (i.e. peace, justice, unity, etc.) if we love ourselves enough. I believe that if we love ourselves enough, it is the only time that we can share that love and consequently, build respect for others. And with respect, there comes understanding and then justice and peace. It is a very extraordinary concept but it just all boil into that. I also have to emphasize that this love that I deeply value is not filial in nature but for the greater good. And, as a first step in achieving this idealistic want (or need), I must admit that I do not have enough love with me to share with others but I am starting to gather love by knowing myself more and talking to my inner self more often and appreciating the value of everything that I see and treasure. The two values that I treasure most seem conventional but the way I see it, there is nothing too conventional if we want to have a better world. As said in our discussions, we should know our wants and needs because it leads to some make-or-brake decisions in our lives and in the course of the world as well. We all want and definitely need a better world and we can achieve this through the values that are instilled in us or our beliefs and principles that we genuinely cherish. After all, all our values should be for the improvement of ourselves and for others. And I believe that for us to have a better living environment, it must start from ourselves. In conclusion, for us to have a better world and a proper knowledge of ourselves, it is imperative to have a step-by-step procedure to achieve those desires and these can be done even in the most modest ways. And these steps will only begin from us if we only consider our wants and needs and integrate it to our values but we have to keep in mid that these values should be for the benefit of us. REFERENCES: Lopper, J. (2006). What are values? [Electronic Version]. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from http://personaldevelopment.suite101.com/article.cfm/what_are_values_.   

The Fight Against Samples of an Essay about Yourself

The Fight Against Samples of an Essay about Yourself Description, Interpretation and Criticism are a part of writing an important paper. Bear in mind your essay shouldn't be persuasive, but descriptive and informative. Thus, essays have come to be an inseparable portion of academics. A literary analysis essay is a form of essay which comprises an argumentative analysis of a bit of literature. Knowing about the outlines and formats for several kinds of essays is an excellent way to augment the way in which you prefer to state your opinions. There are plenty of categories of topics for you to pick from. When you're choosing an essay topic, it's important to select one which has a lot of information and statistics to back up your viewpoint, nor exaggerate any info you have chosen to write about. The topic you select should have lots of information for you to utilize in your essay. Essay writing can be rather a challenge. Writing an Essay isn't as simple as it sounds especiall y when you're in college. It is a crucial part in academe life. Writing the college application essay can be among the most daunting sections of applying to college. The Do's and Don'ts of Samples of an Essay about Yourself The second bad part is the work outlook. The sample is there to provide you with an impression on the standard of the paper. The usage of terrible grammar can severely take away from the standard of your writing and can give a poor impression of whom you are. On the other hand there's not anything wrong with getting assistance from an excellent consultant on the right outline format. The Advantages of Samples of an Essay about Yourself There's a suitable criterion you should follow while you're writing an essay and the very first challenge is to supply the comprehensive data in an established word limit given to you, and that's not a kid's play. 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Do not become stuck with material possessions and what you've achieved in life. An essay outline is a group of ideas and ideas applicable to the subject issue. Persuasive essay topics don't always need to be of a significant nature, you can write about things which are linked in your life.

Genetically Modified Organisms For Agriculture - 889 Words

The Introduction of Genetically modified organisms in farm lands also means the introduction of completely new species of organisms in the ecosystem. Therefore, using GMOs for agriculture may create unforeseen harm to the environment. Deontological concepts that considers preservation of the environment an ethical responsibility of all human beings will therefore, consider introducing in GM plant and animals in the ecosystem an immoral action. On the other hand, one can make a consequentialist argument that mentions that if GMOs help human beings sustain their lives then any possible harm to the environment should be worthwhile. Since from the perspective of consequentialism the happiness of human beings is the only thing that matters, in the context of environmental harm, the utilitarian ethical theory would support the use of GMOs. 2) Possibilities of Harm to the Health of the Overall Population due to Introducing GMOs in Food Supply Introducing new genes in the genetic code of an organism changes the chemical composition of the materials of the body of the organisms. There is currently no clear scientific consensus on whether the new chemicals in vegetables and meats will be harmful to human beings or not. Since there is still a risk of human beings being affected negatively by GMO based produces, from a utilitarian perspective putting GMOs in marketed food products would be an immoral act. Libertarianism, on the other hand would consider human liberty more importantShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organism, Agriculture, And Synthetic Fertilizers1287 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically Modified Organism Agriculture, a necessity for providing basic needs, has evolved tremendously since the first time it was practiced. When first started, agriculture was relatively simple: plant the seeds, water the seeds, and gather the end product. Now, agriculture has changed to include pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic fertilizers to produce and maintain higher yields. The Green Revolution in the 1940’s to 1970’s help modernize agriculture with high-yielding varieties, betterRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms, Also Known As Gmo’S, Are1491 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically modified organisms, also known as GMO’s, are important to today’s society because they bring more food to more people at a cheaper price. If a crop is a GMO, it means that its DNA sequence has been altered in a lab. When seeds are genetically altered in this way, it is to inject a certain characteristic that is not present in the traditional plant into the DNA. Usually, this characteri stic is to make the crop more susceptible to fertilizer and pesticides, or to sustain harsh weather conditionsRead MoreEssay On Say No To Gmos1303 Words   |  6 Pagesregular seeds, not sterile and have a hefty patent. Genetically modified organisms should be banned by the FDA because they allow big agriculture and biotech companies to harass and negatively affect the environment and farmers. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick were the first to publish their discovery of a three-dimensional double helix structure in DNA. The discovery of the double helix allowed scientists to take genes from an organism and add them to another organisms DNA. Twenty yearsRead MoreLabeling For The Health Of Americans1601 Words   |  7 Pages(Prah). Genetically modified organism, also known as genetically modified organisms engineered in a lab by scientists that alter the genes of plants and animals. By fixating DNA from other organisms into America’s food sources, they create substances that are detrimental to the health of human beings. In addition to this, these genetically modified organisms are completely foreign to the plants and animals they undergo; their genes can become damaged from inserting the genes of the organisms. ThisRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And The Environment1284 Words   |  6 Pagesabout genetically modified organisms and think that they a re god sent other countries are weary of them and think that they are dangerous. While many other countries label genetically modified organisms because they think that people should have a choice whether or not they want to consume them America believes that their people should not have to know therefore taking the people s choice away and making the decision for them. There have been studies that have shown that genetically modified organismsRead MoreIt’S Likely That You See Them Every Day, And Even Eat Them1736 Words   |  7 Pageshearing the words Genetically Modified Organism, or GMO, causes a feeling of uneasiness with most consumers. Much of society seems to think of genetically modified organisms as a completely unnatural and twisted presence in nature. However, the presence of GMOs has led to groundbreaking discoveries that are offering solutions to many of humanity’s biggest issues. We all know that food is crucial to human existence. Therefore, each and ev ery one of us rely on sustainable agriculture. The United NationsRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And Organic Organisms Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract In this brief, the reader will see how organic and genetically modified organisms are viewed and interpreted. They will see the â€Å"facts† about the genetically modified organisms and organic organism, and how producers and consumers view this. The reader will be able to understand what is actually happening to genetically modified organisms and organic organisms during the production and when it is getting processed. They will also learn about certified organic and the USDA organic and howRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms1128 Words   |  5 Pagesseeds. He calls it genetically modified corn. You plant it and the next year and the year after that there is no need to worry about pest, because the pesticides you used no longer harm your plants. Your growing season is longer and you have much more corn on the same area of land and you can now sell your corn in the market regularly. It seems like a good thing to have a GMO on your land. A GMO or genetically modified organism refers to plant life that has been genetically enhanced to benefitRead MoreAshley Ligonde. Writing In Health Diseases. Professor Eicher.850 Words   |  4 PagesGMO’s and all genetically modified products off the market. A genetically modified organism, or GMO, is an organism that has had its DNA altered or modified in some way through genetic engineering. Even though they are beneficial, they cause a lot of bad side effects. Some of the effects are harmful to environment and to human beings. The effects of GMOs can affect us long term if we don’t handle it now. I believe that GMOs were created for one reason which is to profit agriculture businesses. ItRead MoreNo Fear Of Gmos Genetically Modified Organisms1447 Words   |  6 PagesNo Fear of GMOs Genetically modified organism, to some people this can be a scary word and other people it doesn’t bother at all. When some think of genetically modified organisms, these crazy images of cross bred plants and animals with extra limbs or odd features come to mind when in reality, genetically modified organisms or GMOs are very normal organisms that are important to society. More recently there has been heated debates over GMOs and how they should be labeled for the public, but that